![]() ![]() Lee loves cheese-and-onion pies and eats at least two a day. (On weekends, he routinely eats four.) However, he burns hundreds of calories cycling to work. Lee loves cheese-and-onion pies and eats at least two a day (four at weekends).If the brackets offer additional information that is not a complete sentence, then the period (full stop) is placed outside the closing bracket. However, he burns hundreds of calories cycling to work. Lee loves cheese-and-onion pies and eats at least two a day (four at weekends.) However, he burns hundreds of calories cycling to work. ![]() End Punctuation with Brackets Follows Logic (This is wrong because the first sentence now doesn't have its own period.) The use of end punctuation with brackets follows logic. If the end punctuation belongs to the text inside the brackets, keep it inside. If it belongs to the text outside the brackets, leave it outside. Here are some more examples showing period placements with closed brackets: More Examples of Periods (Full Stops) with Brackets Turtles communicate at an extremely low frequency that can only be heard through a hydrophone (a microphone used underwater). ![]() Percy Spencer invented the microwave while working as a researcher for the American Appliance Company (now called Raytheon).The period is required to end the wider sentence.) (The text in the brackets is just an expansion of "hydrophone." The bracketed text is not a sentence therefore, it does not get its own end-of-sentence punctuation. After noticing that the radar set melted the candy bar in his pocket, he had the idea to make a metal box using microwaves to heat food. (It was the company that filed the patent.) He received a $2 bonus from the company, but he never received any royalties for his invention. (The text "now called Raytheon" is not a sentence. (Note the lowercase "w" on "we." You have a choice between uppercase and lowercase.) As the wine-growing season in France (we lived in France during my twenties) draws to a close, the festivals start.Great white sharks generally hunt by detecting the electrical fields (They can detect less than one billionth of a volt) emitted by the movements of their prey.The second set of brackets, however, contains a full sentence therefore, it needs its own period.)Ĭonfusion arises when there is a complete sentence within a sentence (as opposed to afterwards). If the text inside the brackets is a complete sentence within another sentence, you can omit the full stop for style reasons or, if you can't bide the idea of writing a complete sentence without a full stop, you can leave it in. (This is not recommended as it disturbs the flow of text.) There is a lot of leniency on this. You can even start the sentence inside the brackets with a lowercase letter if you think it helps your flow of text. (Note the full stop to end the main sentence.) I ate a whole pack of chocolate biscuits (is that 24?).If the text inside your brackets (regardless of whether it's a full sentence or not) warrants a question mark or an exclamation mark, you must include them with the text inside the bracket.
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